Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	8
Number of observations	32065
Missing cells	22385
Missing cells (%)	8.7%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	6.5 MiB
Average record size in memory	211.5 B

Variable types

Categorical	3
Numeric	5

Alerts

`Province/State` has a high cardinality: 80 distinct values	High cardinality
`Country/Region` has a high cardinality: 188 distinct values	High cardinality
`Date` has a high cardinality: 121 distinct values	High cardinality
`Confirmed` is highly correlated with `Deaths` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Deaths` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Recovered` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Confirmed` is highly correlated with `Deaths` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Deaths` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Recovered` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Confirmed` is highly correlated with `Deaths` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Deaths` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Recovered` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Province/State` is highly correlated with `Lat` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Lat` is highly correlated with `Province/State` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Long` is highly correlated with `Province/State` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Confirmed` is highly correlated with `Deaths` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Deaths` is highly correlated with `Confirmed` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Recovered` is highly correlated with `Province/State` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Province/State` has 22385 (69.8%) missing values	Missing
`Confirmed` is highly skewed (γ1 = 22.83271239)	Skewed
`Province/State` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`Date` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`Lat` has 363 (1.1%) zeros	Zeros
`Long` has 363 (1.1%) zeros	Zeros
`Confirmed` has 10302 (32.1%) zeros	Zeros
`Deaths` has 17916 (55.9%) zeros	Zeros
`Recovered` has 16088 (50.2%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2022-08-01 20:24:18.544844
Analysis finished	2022-08-01 20:26:22.282847
Duration	2 minutes and 3.74 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v3.2.0
Download configuration	config.json

Province/State
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING
UNIFORM

Distinct	80
Distinct (%)	0.8%
Missing	22385
Missing (%)	69.8%
Memory size	1.3 MiB

Ningxia	121
New Caledonia	121
Mayotte	121
Guadeloupe	121
French Polynesia	121
Other values (75)	9075

Length

Max length	28
Median length	24
Mean length	10.6375
Min length	5

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	102971
Distinct characters	54
Distinct categories	5 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	Australian Capital Territory
2nd row	New South Wales
3rd row	Northern Territory
4th row	Queensland
5th row	South Australia

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Ningxia	121	0.4%
New Caledonia	121	0.4%
Mayotte	121	0.4%
Guadeloupe	121	0.4%
French Polynesia	121	0.4%
French Guiana	121	0.4%
Greenland	121	0.4%
Faroe Islands	121	0.4%
Zhejiang	121	0.4%
Yunnan	121	0.4%
Other values (70)	8470	26.4%
(Missing)	22385	69.8%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
islands	726	5.0%
new	363	2.5%
and	363	2.5%
territory	242	1.7%
british	242	1.7%
french	242	1.7%
south	242	1.7%
saint	242	1.7%
australia	242	1.7%
princess	242	1.7%
Other values (94)	11374	78.3%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	12221	11.9%
n	11616	11.3%
i	9196	8.9%
e	6413	6.2%
r	5929	5.8%
	4840	4.7%
o	4598	4.5%
s	4598	4.5%
u	4235	4.1%
t	4235	4.1%
Other values (44)	35090	34.1%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	83853	81.4%
Uppercase Letter	14036	13.6%
Space Separator	4840	4.7%
Close Punctuation	121	0.1%
Open Punctuation	121	0.1%

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	12221	14.6%
n	11616	13.9%
i	9196	11.0%
e	6413	7.6%
r	5929	7.1%
o	4598	5.5%
s	4598	5.5%
u	4235	5.1%
t	4235	5.1%
l	3993	4.8%
Other values (16)	16819	20.1%

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
S	1573	11.2%
M	1331	9.5%
I	1089	7.8%
G	1089	7.8%
N	968	6.9%
C	968	6.9%
T	847	6.0%
H	847	6.0%
A	847	6.0%
B	726	5.2%
Other values (15)	3751	26.7%

Space Separator

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	4840	100.0%

Close Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
)	121	100.0%

Open Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(	121	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	97889	95.1%
Common	5082	4.9%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	12221	12.5%
n	11616	11.9%
i	9196	9.4%
e	6413	6.6%
r	5929	6.1%
o	4598	4.7%
s	4598	4.7%
u	4235	4.3%
t	4235	4.3%
l	3993	4.1%
Other values (41)	30855	31.5%

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	4840	95.2%
)	121	2.4%
(	121	2.4%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	102971	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	12221	11.9%
n	11616	11.3%
i	9196	8.9%
e	6413	6.2%
r	5929	5.8%
	4840	4.7%
o	4598	4.5%
s	4598	4.5%
u	4235	4.1%
t	4235	4.1%
Other values (44)	35090	34.1%

Country/Region
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY

Distinct	188
Distinct (%)	0.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	2.0 MiB

China	3993
Canada	1694
United Kingdom	1331
France	1331
Australia	968
Other values (183)	22748

Length

Max length	32
Median length	22
Mean length	8.083018868
Min length	2

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	259182
Distinct characters	57
Distinct categories	7 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	Afghanistan
2nd row	Albania
3rd row	Algeria
4th row	Andorra
5th row	Angola

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
China	3993	12.5%
Canada	1694	5.3%
United Kingdom	1331	4.2%
France	1331	4.2%
Australia	968	3.0%
Netherlands	484	1.5%
Denmark	363	1.1%
Afghanistan	121	0.4%
Russia	121	0.4%
Rwanda	121	0.4%
Other values (178)	21538	67.2%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
china	3993	10.2%
canada	1694	4.3%
united	1452	3.7%
kingdom	1331	3.4%
france	1331	3.4%
australia	968	2.5%
and	847	2.2%
netherlands	484	1.2%
denmark	363	0.9%
guinea	363	0.9%
Other values (210)	26378	67.3%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	42350	16.3%
n	25289	9.8%
i	24321	9.4%
e	16698	6.4%
r	13310	5.1%
o	11495	4.4%
d	10406	4.0%
t	9438	3.6%
u	7623	2.9%
C	7623	2.9%
Other values (47)	90629	35.0%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	212355	81.9%
Uppercase Letter	38720	14.9%
Space Separator	7139	2.8%
Dash Punctuation	242	0.1%
Open Punctuation	242	0.1%
Close Punctuation	242	0.1%
Other Punctuation	242	0.1%

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	42350	19.9%
n	25289	11.9%
i	24321	11.5%
e	16698	7.9%
r	13310	6.3%
o	11495	5.4%
d	10406	4.9%
t	9438	4.4%
u	7623	3.6%
h	7381	3.5%
Other values (16)	44044	20.7%

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
C	7623	19.7%
S	3630	9.4%
B	2662	6.9%
A	2662	6.9%
K	2299	5.9%
M	2178	5.6%
U	2057	5.3%
G	1815	4.7%
N	1694	4.4%
F	1694	4.4%
Other values (15)	10406	26.9%

Other Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
*	121	50.0%
'	121	50.0%

Space Separator

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	7139	100.0%

Dash Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-	242	100.0%

Open Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(	242	100.0%

Close Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
)	242	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	251075	96.9%
Common	8107	3.1%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	42350	16.9%
n	25289	10.1%
i	24321	9.7%
e	16698	6.7%
r	13310	5.3%
o	11495	4.6%
d	10406	4.1%
t	9438	3.8%
u	7623	3.0%
C	7623	3.0%
Other values (41)	82522	32.9%

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	7139	88.1%
-	242	3.0%
(	242	3.0%
)	242	3.0%
*	121	1.5%
'	121	1.5%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	259182	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	42350	16.3%
n	25289	9.8%
i	24321	9.4%
e	16698	6.4%
r	13310	5.1%
o	11495	4.4%
d	10406	4.0%
t	9438	3.6%
u	7623	2.9%
C	7623	2.9%
Other values (47)	90629	35.0%

Lat
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	256
Distinct (%)	0.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	21.18189118

Minimum	-51.7963
Maximum	71.7069
Zeros	363
Zeros (%)	1.1%
Negative	5687
Negative (%)	17.7%
Memory size	250.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-51.7963
5-th percentile	-28.0167
Q1	6.877
median	23.6345
Q3	41.1533
95-th percentile	55.1694
Maximum	71.7069
Range	123.5032
Interquartile range (IQR)	34.2763

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	24.90426049
Coefficient of variation (CV)	1.175733568
Kurtosis	-0.1946022785
Mean	21.18189118
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	17.2064
Skewness	-0.545288114
Sum	679197.3407
Variance	620.2221908
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	363	1.1%
33	242	0.8%
13.1939	242	0.8%
36	242	0.8%
-4.0383	242	0.8%
24	242	0.8%
52.9399	242	0.8%
21	242	0.8%
46.8852	121	0.4%
28.1667	121	0.4%
Other values (246)	29766	92.8%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-51.7963	121	0.4%
-41.4545	121	0.4%
-40.9006	121	0.4%
-38.4161	121	0.4%
-37.8136	121	0.4%
-35.6751	121	0.4%
-35.4735	121	0.4%
-34.9285	121	0.4%
-33.8688	121	0.4%
-32.5228	121	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
71.7069	121	0.4%
64.9631	121	0.4%
64.8255	121	0.4%
64.2823	121	0.4%
64	121	0.4%
63	121	0.4%
61.8926	121	0.4%
60.472	121	0.4%
60	121	0.4%
58.5953	121	0.4%

Long
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	259
Distinct (%)	0.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	22.88119533

Minimum	-135
Maximum	178.065
Zeros	363
Zeros (%)	1.1%
Negative	10406
Negative (%)	32.5%
Memory size	250.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-135
5-th percentile	-85.2072
Q1	-15.3101
median	21.0059
Q3	78
95-th percentile	128
Maximum	178.065
Range	313.065
Interquartile range (IQR)	93.3101

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	70.24552349
Coefficient of variation (CV)	3.070011093
Kurtosis	-0.7784427299
Mean	22.88119533
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	52.2148
Skewness	-0.007872807144
Sum	733685.5282
Variance	4934.43357
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	363	1.1%
21.7587	242	0.8%
30	242	0.8%
-59.5432	242	0.8%
9	242	0.8%
8.6753	121	0.4%
57	121	0.4%
8.4689	121	0.4%
21.7453	121	0.4%
8.0817	121	0.4%
Other values (249)	30129	94.0%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-135	121	0.4%
-124.8457	121	0.4%
-123.1207	121	0.4%
-122.6655	121	0.4%
-116.5765	121	0.4%
-106.4509	121	0.4%
-102.5528	121	0.4%
-98.8139	121	0.4%
-95.7129	121	0.4%
-90.2308	121	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
178.065	121	0.4%
174.886	121	0.4%
165.618	121	0.4%
153.4	121	0.4%
151.2093	121	0.4%
149.4068	121	0.4%
149.0124	121	0.4%
145.9707	121	0.4%
144.9631	121	0.4%
143.9555	121	0.4%

Date
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY
UNIFORM

Distinct	121
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.9 MiB

1/22/20	265
3/23/20	265
4/20/20	265
4/19/20	265
4/18/20	265
Other values (116)	30740

Length

Max length	7
Median length	7
Mean length	6.702479339
Min length	6

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	214915
Distinct characters	11
Distinct categories	2 ?
Distinct scripts	1 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	1/22/20
2nd row	1/22/20
3rd row	1/22/20
4th row	1/22/20
5th row	1/22/20

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1/22/20	265	0.8%
3/23/20	265	0.8%
4/20/20	265	0.8%
4/19/20	265	0.8%
4/18/20	265	0.8%
4/17/20	265	0.8%
4/16/20	265	0.8%
4/15/20	265	0.8%
4/14/20	265	0.8%
4/13/20	265	0.8%
Other values (111)	29415	91.7%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1/22/20	265	0.8%
1/23/20	265	0.8%
1/24/20	265	0.8%
1/25/20	265	0.8%
1/26/20	265	0.8%
1/27/20	265	0.8%
1/28/20	265	0.8%
1/29/20	265	0.8%
1/30/20	265	0.8%
1/31/20	265	0.8%
Other values (111)	29415	91.7%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	64130	29.8%
2	53530	24.9%
0	34980	16.3%
1	16960	7.9%
3	12720	5.9%
4	11130	5.2%
5	8745	4.1%
9	3180	1.5%
8	3180	1.5%
7	3180	1.5%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Decimal Number	150785	70.2%
Other Punctuation	64130	29.8%

Most frequent character per category

Decimal Number

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	53530	35.5%
0	34980	23.2%
1	16960	11.2%
3	12720	8.4%
4	11130	7.4%
5	8745	5.8%
9	3180	2.1%
8	3180	2.1%
7	3180	2.1%
6	3180	2.1%

Other Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	64130	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Common	214915	100.0%

Most frequent character per script

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	64130	29.8%
2	53530	24.9%
0	34980	16.3%
1	16960	7.9%
3	12720	5.9%
4	11130	5.2%
5	8745	4.1%
9	3180	1.5%
8	3180	1.5%
7	3180	1.5%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	214915	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
/	64130	29.8%
2	53530	24.9%
0	34980	16.3%
1	16960	7.9%
3	12720	5.9%
4	11130	5.2%
5	8745	4.1%
9	3180	1.5%
8	3180	1.5%
7	3180	1.5%

Confirmed
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
SKEWED
ZEROS

Distinct	5034
Distinct (%)	15.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	5044.945579

Minimum	0
Maximum	1577147
Zeros	10302
Zeros (%)	32.1%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	250.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	21
Q3	460
95-th percentile	12288
Maximum	1577147
Range	1577147
Interquartile range (IQR)	460

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	44878.33535
Coefficient of variation (CV)	8.89570257
Kurtosis	637.011566
Mean	5044.945579
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	21
Skewness	22.83271239
Sum	161766180
Variance	2014064984
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	10302	32.1%
1	1116	3.5%
3	466	1.5%
2	426	1.3%
18	335	1.0%
11	332	1.0%
4	305	1.0%
6	299	0.9%
5	297	0.9%
16	256	0.8%
Other values (5024)	17931	55.9%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	10302	32.1%
1	1116	3.5%
2	426	1.3%
3	466	1.5%
4	305	1.0%
5	297	0.9%
6	299	0.9%
7	228	0.7%
8	236	0.7%
9	217	0.7%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1577147	1	< 0.1%
1551853	1	< 0.1%
1528568	1	< 0.1%
1508308	1	< 0.1%
1486757	1	< 0.1%
1467820	1	< 0.1%
1442824	1	< 0.1%
1417774	1	< 0.1%
1390406	1	< 0.1%
1369376	1	< 0.1%

Deaths
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	1634
Distinct (%)	5.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	335.5694995

Minimum	0
Maximum	94702
Zeros	17916
Zeros (%)	55.9%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	250.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	6
95-th percentile	363.8
Maximum	94702
Range	94702
Interquartile range (IQR)	6

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	3095.690148
Coefficient of variation (CV)	9.225183318
Kurtosis	378.8853571
Mean	335.5694995
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	17.17990218
Sum	10760036
Variance	9583297.495
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	17916	55.9%
1	2326	7.3%
2	1286	4.0%
3	1079	3.4%
6	779	2.4%
4	612	1.9%
7	485	1.5%
8	415	1.3%
5	337	1.1%
9	305	1.0%
Other values (1624)	6525	20.3%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	17916	55.9%
1	2326	7.3%
2	1286	4.0%
3	1079	3.4%
4	612	1.9%
5	337	1.1%
6	779	2.4%
7	485	1.5%
8	415	1.3%
9	305	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
94702	1	< 0.1%
93439	1	< 0.1%
91921	1	< 0.1%
90347	1	< 0.1%
89562	1	< 0.1%
88754	1	< 0.1%
87530	1	< 0.1%
85898	1	< 0.1%
84119	1	< 0.1%
82356	1	< 0.1%

Recovered
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	2978
Distinct (%)	9.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	1525.388056

Minimum	0
Maximum	298418
Zeros	16088
Zeros (%)	50.2%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	250.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0
median	0
Q3	92
95-th percentile	2507.8
Maximum	298418
Range	298418
Interquartile range (IQR)	92

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	10978.55868
Coefficient of variation (CV)	7.197223449
Kurtosis	207.9480819
Mean	1525.388056
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0
Skewness	12.64965022
Sum	48911568
Variance	120528750.7
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	16088	50.2%
1	1105	3.4%
2	613	1.9%
4	365	1.1%
3	357	1.1%
5	275	0.9%
8	269	0.8%
6	252	0.8%
10	231	0.7%
7	217	0.7%
Other values (2968)	12293	38.3%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	16088	50.2%
1	1105	3.4%
2	613	1.9%
3	357	1.1%
4	365	1.1%
5	275	0.9%
6	252	0.8%
7	217	0.7%
8	269	0.8%
9	153	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
298418	1	< 0.1%
294312	1	< 0.1%
289392	1	< 0.1%
283178	1	< 0.1%
272265	1	< 0.1%
268376	1	< 0.1%
250747	1	< 0.1%
246414	1	< 0.1%
243430	1	< 0.1%
232733	1	< 0.1%

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

The dendrogram allows you to more fully correlate variable completion, revealing trends deeper than the pairwise ones visible in the correlation heatmap.

First rows

	Province/State	Country/Region	Lat	Long	Date
0	NaN	Afghanistan	33.0000	65.0000	1/22/20
1	NaN	Albania	41.1533	20.1683	1/22/20
2	NaN	Algeria	28.0339	1.6596	1/22/20
3	NaN	Andorra	42.5063	1.5218	1/22/20
4	NaN	Angola	-11.2027	17.8739	1/22/20
5	NaN	Antigua and Barbuda	17.0608	-61.7964	1/22/20
6	NaN	Argentina	-38.4161	-63.6167	1/22/20
7	NaN	Armenia	40.0691	45.0382	1/22/20
8	Australian Capital Territory	Australia	-35.4735	149.0124	1/22/20
9	New South Wales	Australia	-33.8688	151.2093	1/22/20

Last rows

	Province/State	Country/Region	Lat	Long	Date	Confirmed	Deaths	Recovered
32055	NaN	Malawi	-13.254308	34.301525	5/21/20	72	3	27
32056	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	United Kingdom	-51.796300	-59.523600	5/21/20	13	0	13
32057	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	France	46.885200	-56.315900	5/21/20	1	0	1
32058	NaN	South Sudan	6.877000	31.307000	5/21/20	481	4	0
32059	NaN	Western Sahara	24.215500	-12.885800	5/21/20	6	0	6
32060	NaN	Sao Tome and Principe	0.186360	6.613081	5/21/20	251	8	4
32061	NaN	Yemen	15.552727	48.516388	5/21/20	197	33	0
32062	NaN	Comoros	-11.645500	43.333300	5/21/20	34	1	8
32063	NaN	Tajikistan	38.861034	71.276093	5/21/20	2350	44	0
32064	NaN	Lesotho	-29.609988	28.233608	5/21/20	1	0	0

Overview

Variables

Common Values

Length

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Uppercase Letter

Space Separator

Close Punctuation

Open Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Common Values

Length

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Uppercase Letter

Other Punctuation

Space Separator

Dash Punctuation

Open Punctuation

Close Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Common Values

Length

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Decimal Number

Other Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Interactions

Correlations

Spearman's ρ

Pearson's r

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows